The molecular polymorphism between the specimens of thrips tabaci lindeman collected from tobacco nicotiana tabacum and from onion allium cepa was observed by rapdpcranalysis. Invasion genetics of the western flower thrips in china. Published by utah state university extension and utah plant pest diagnostic laboratory ent11708pr march 2008 fig. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch.
It can cause damage to a wide range of glasshouse crops, such as cucumber, aubergine and sweet pepper. Thrips palmi has spread from its presumed origin, the island of sumatra, to the coast of florida, and threatens to extend its. Thrips are one of the most if not the most important greenhouse pests in canada and throughout the world. A total of species of thrips occurring in africa, europe, and the mediterranean region were intercepted by u. The western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande is one of the most important insect herbivores of cultivated plants. They can be a problem in several other crops such as cabbage, cotton, celery, tomatoes, beans, cucumber and pineapple. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is an. South east asia pest thrips species, thrips parvispinus karny, is a serious pest on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in a number of plant families. A few of the main species of thrips known to injure greenhouse crops are summarized in.
Published by utah state university extension and utah. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood. Thrips identification is key to management the first important step in any pest management program is the accurate identification of the pest. Id is important for biological control because natural enemies are often specific to just one pest or group of pests. Biology and economic importance of flower thrips 2 highly dispersing, moving rapidly between flowers ramachandran et al. We previously reported the important role of jasmonate ja in the plants immediate response to thrips feeding by. Thrips scarring is primarily a problem on red globe, calmeria, italia, and occasionally on thompson seedless. Invasion biology of thrips 69 introduction pathways and establishment frequently, successfully established nonnative thrips species are introduced accidentally, repeatedly, and discontinuously over long periods from one or more ranges into new areas 50, 122, 159. It prefers to feed on onions, but feeds on many field crops, vegetables, various flowers, and bedding plants. You can find thrips in almost any cultivated and weedy plants. Thrips includes the species of thrips most frequently intercepted at ports of entry into the united states, t.
They have a wide host range consisting of hundreds of plant species that includes all the major greenhouse vegetable crops and many commonly grown ornamentals. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western flower thrips. Suzanne wainwrightevans is an ornamental entomologist specializing in integrated pest management. Tobacco thrips frankiella fusca are the most important vector of tomato spotted wilt virus tswv in tobacco.
Biology, ecology and management of onion thrips in onion biology, ecology and management of onion thrips in onion updated march 2007updated march 2007. Feeding by thrips may reduce seed production, disfigure flowers and fruits, and damage plant leaves. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species. Other species occur on each of the continents, including one species described from antarctica. Thrips are economically important since some species transmit plant viruses. Thrips biology sucking asymmetrical mouthparts punch and suck mobilityow and high l metamorphosis damage from feeding, egg laying, virus transmission can also feed on mite eggs, small arthropods and pollen parthenogenesis fecundity thripssss. Choose from 500 different sets of choice 2 multiple ap biology flashcards on quizlet. Ministry of agriculture and lands thrips identification with the exception of the striped e. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance.
Based on an integrated approach of morphology and dna barcoding, invasion of this serious pest is reported first time from india on papaya plantations. Invasion of the brown marmorated stink bug hemiptera. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to. Download citation invasion biology of thrips thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits.
Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions scallions to be unmarketable and dry bulb onion size to be reduced. Thrips can complete the life cycle in 14 to 30 days. How to control and get rid of thrips in your garden. However, no pesticide provides complete control of this species, and insecticide resistance has emerged around the world. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Western flower thrips importance and biology western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera.
Several species of thrips are known to infest cotton seedlings in the united. In order to transmit tswv, thrips must feed on infected hosts as larvae. Both western flower thrips and grape thrips can scar berries with their feeding, which renders certain white varieties used for table grapes unmarketable. Learn choice 2 multiple ap biology with free interactive flashcards. Onions, garlic and other related plants are the prefered hosts of thrips. Sustainable thrips control page 2 biology and identification there are at least 6,000 species of thrips in the world. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute mostly 1 mm long or less, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically. This thrips can develop resistance to insecticides relatively quickly. Thrips are generally harmless and rather endearing little creatures well, the writer thinks so anyway. Thrips inhabiting cotton plants include bud grass and flower and leaf feeders, and predatory species. Fruit feeding discontinues in summer when both species feed on new vegetative growth. Suzanne has been involved in the green industry for more than 18 years with a primary focus on biological control and using pesticides properly.
We use the term thrips whether we talk about one thrips or many thrips. If there are thrips on the plant, at least some will fall off, and their. Thrips species feed on a large variety of plants and arthropods by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. It is uncommon in british columbia, appearing occasionally on roses and cucumbers. Biology, crop injury, and management of thrips thysanoptera.
Abstract thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Some species of thrips feed on other insects or mites and are considered beneficial, while some feed on fungal spores or pollen.
Thrips are very small, slender insects that often are barely visible to the eye. Invasion biology of thrips invasion biology of thrips morse, joseph g hoddle, mark s. The chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an important pest of various vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops in southern and eastern asia, africa, and oceania ananthakrishnan 1993, cabieppo 1997, cab 2003. Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. But some species of thrips are regarded as pests on certain crops. Invasion biologists have sought unsuccessfully to identify key biological features that are likely to. Thripidae, first arose as one of the worlds most important, invasive pests of horticultural and agronomic crops during the 1970s 1980s 100. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. Efforts to control this pest and the tospoviruses that it vectors with intensive insecticide applications. Thrips in vegetables begin life as an egg, inserted into the host plants tissue terebrantia, or attached to the plant surface. Pdf western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Biology thrips are tiny insects with fringed wings that can range in size from 0. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre.
Pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. Many thrips species are pests of commercial food crops and ornamentals worldwide due to the damage they cause by feeding and the transmission of viral diseases. Tobacco thrips have multiple generations per year and feed on a wide range of plants. And, just in case you need a refresher in plant biology, the stigma is the female part of the flower where pollen germinates. Pdf laboratory rearing techniques of thrips tabaci and. How to kill thrips with nematodes biologic company. Bud feeding thrips inhabit the growing tips of preflowering cotton causing distorted growth. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. Adults of these species can rapidly recolonize a crop treated with an insecticide resulting in an apparent rather than a.
Abstract thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their. Bailey 1936 states that the onion thrips particularly the larvae, are apt to. Thrips are a diverse group of hemimetabolous insects that have a range of diets consisting of both plant and animal prey, depending on the species in. A large number of thrips species are considered pests because they feed on economically important plants. Although small in size, they loom very large as pests of many crops. Onion thrips have been found in most countries throughout the world. Thrips are a flying insect and typically use the plants stigma as their landing and takeoff point. These biological characteristics are exhibited by successful invasive and economically. After two larval instars, which are important to feeding stages, the insect goes through two nonfeeding pupal instars. Effects of temperature on the development and population. These reportedly effective parasitoid and predator were. The pupal stages are usually spent in or on the soil. They inhabit leaves, shoots, and flowers of many plants.
The western flower thrips has expanded its range from the north american continent to europe, australia and south africa. Thrips, order thysanoptera, any of approximately 5,000 species of insects that are among the smallest of the winged insects and are abundant in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande1 edis. So, one way to determine if thrips are infesting plants in or around your home is to put a blank sheet of white paper beneath the flowers or leaves of the plant and shake the plant. Elimination and biology of biting thrip infestations. As the thrips groom their fringe wings before and after flight. Thrips is the largest genus of thrips, with over 280 species, most of which are found in europe, africa and the mediterranean basin. Invasion biologists have sought unsuccessfully to identify key biological features that are. Effects of temperature on the development and population growth of the melon thrips, thrips palmi, on eggplant, solanum melongena. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest status. For example, thrips palmi is a notifiable pest in the uk. Check out thrips in biologics pest id to learn more about this irritating garden pest and how to kill them with scanmask. Your use of this pdf, the bioone complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of bioones terms of use, available at. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides.
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